Medical data blockchain

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Backing up the information with blockchain means that once data is inputted, it cannot be tampered with or altered really in any way. Through blockchain-based electronic health records, it may even be feasible - in certain situations - to incentivise healthier life choices through a gamified and rewards system. Incorporating such a model would help elevate some of the pressure on publicly funded healthcare systems as patients start adopting healthier lifestyles. At this point, some may have a growing concern over what this could mean for patient privacy.

It admittedly sounds a little over-arching to have this level of access to highly personal information on a public network. Fortunately, here again, blockchain could actually put more control into the hands of patients and provide a greater level of privacy using tried-and-true cryptographic techniques.

Users and their trusted care providers would be the only ones able to access the private medical data. This means there would be control over who has access and to what. This would be a particularly timely development, particularly in the wake of privacy scares over medical data sharing. They could also just grant access to specific data while keeping other parts secure, and limits could even be set on how long a given entity has access to that information.

Compare this to the current system where records are fragmented, outdated, and unreliable, and the patient has almost no power over who can access it � if it is even accessible in the first place. By storing in a secure, immutable, easy to access, and real-time blockchain, this new approach stands to save many more lives and give agency back to the people. At a time when the medical system has never been more strained or more critical and its vulnerabilities exposed, it is solutions like blockchain that stand to help people on all sides.

By giving control to patients, they stand to have more faith in their practitioners. There has never been a better opportunity for the pharmaceutical industry for new partnerships. Cost-effectiveness modelling is a powerful tool in understanding the value health interventions can bring to populations. The demand for high-calibre, sharply-focussed clinical knowledge and data is increasing as HCPs streamline and recalibrate their engagements with the pharmaceutical sector.

But, al. Thanks to constant advances in technology and science, artificial intelligence AI is rapidly becoming an integral part of modern healthcare. The Summit remains devoted to showcasing the top case studies and strategic learnings. The definitive and only meeting focused on tackling challenges in gene therapy drug development. How can digital and AI optimise the delivery of patient support programs in cancer? How blockchain can revolutionise medical records and save lives.

The state of medical records today The complexities and deficiencies of modern medical systems worldwide have strained healthcare professionals for decades.

Bookmark this. Apellis breaks new ground in geographic atrophy Syfovre is the first FDA-approved drug for GA, which damages the sight of 5m people worldwide. Partnering with NHS in a crisis: The role for industry There has never been a better opportunity for the pharmaceutical industry for new partnerships.

How cost-effective are infectious disease vaccines? Artificial intelligence in medicine Thanks to constant advances in technology and science, artificial intelligence AI is rapidly becoming an integral part of modern healthcare. In order to track, identify, communicate with and localize products and product data, radio-frequency identification RFID systems are increasingly being used in the healthcare sector Figueroa et al.

Figueroa et al. With this implementation, for example, surgical instruments can be equipped with an RFID tag and their use and location can be tracked Figueroa et al. It has already been recognized in a previous review Agbo et al. Therefore, this study aims to consider different blockchain implementations for a digital and decentralized management of patient-specific health data.

Table 1 gives an overview of the implementations of various use cases, the blockchain framework used and the example applications. TABLE 1. Examined publications with special applications of blockchain implementations, the framework used and example applications.

The research found that secure storage and easy access to complete patient data across different facilities and systems is becoming increasingly important. In particular, the development of an electronic medical record is discussed in many publications and linked to the principles of blockchain technology. With this, a system of blockchain-based information and transaction storage as well as database-based storage of medical patient data is often implemented, which is a new methodology compared to those described in previous reviews Agbo et al.

Blockchain mechanisms are used, among other things, to store aggregated information on as well as location information to more extensive diagnostic and multimedia files securely, transparently and digitally.

More extensive data is usually stored in conventional database or cloud storage and secured by special data storage schemes or in additional blockchain modules to be integrated. In contrast to solutions reported in a previous review Agbo et al. Essentially, however, it can be stated that storing larger amounts of data in a blockchain does not make sense due to high storage costs and validation times. In addition, it is often not specifically described which information and data is stored in what form and to what extent in the blockchain.

Research and development into authentic tracking of healthcare supply chains has also increased significantly in recent years. There, smart contracts in connection with blockchain implementations for the automated handling of contract, procurement and documentation processes are central elements. The integration of additional hardware for data acquisition such as RFID tags and the use of ML for data analysis, which was not covered in prior reviews Agbo et al.

It is also possible to extract relevant findings from large amounts of data using ML algorithms, which means that only the analysis results instead of the entire analysis data have to be stored in the blockchain.

However, aspects of data protection and the accessibility of information via specific blockchain frameworks must be considered. Practitioners should therefor focus more on the further development of hybrid solutions from conventional data storage and secure, blockchain-based access control. There are already solutions here, but these are still at a very early stage of development.

Users should always work out exactly whether the solutions should be implemented in the form of a permissioned or permissionless blockchain. In addition, customer aspects must be included in the development work. Moreover, existing implementations of blockchain solutions for the traceability of medical supply chains are to be further developed so that automated smart contracts control the processes and, for example, create authorizations, process data and document transactions.

Researchers, on the other hand, should focus more on the effective use of blockchains in combination with ML and on investigating the legal basis for data storage in the specific blockchain frameworks.

Research in these areas is still very inadequate. Current research on implementations of blockchain technology in healthcare that go beyond the state of concept studies or theoretical implementation ideas was explored in this mini review. Also, major publications were examined in detail and categorized into three different main use cases of blockchain implementations in healthcare.

The study shows, that secure storage and access to medical data are becoming increasingly important. The development of a secure, reliable and digital solution for this need is increasingly linked to the principles of blockchain technology. It is shown that hybrid solutions based on conventional data storage and secure, blockchain-based access control are more effective and economical than complete data storage in a blockchain.

In addition, automated blockchain solutions based on smart contracts are recommended, e. In the future, specific guidelines for the electronic storage of patient data, medical products, devices and materials used etc.

Then the information should be defined that can be encrypted but stored publicly via permissionless blockchains as well as the information that is encrypted and in addition may only be accessible to authorized network participants in permissioned blockchains.

With this, the storage of larger amounts of data must also be considered. Further studies with decentralized off-chain storage systems such as IPFS are conceivable for that as well as studies with ML methods for extracting and storing only relevant information from large amounts of data.

The securing of the anonymity of the patient data to be stored de-centrally, the legal framework and the protection against data theft by criminal parties must also be considered. By then, at the latest, prototypical applications must increasingly be developed and established that go beyond early stage implementations.

EW conceived the research idea and provided a first draft of the manuscript. HS supported and supervised the process and revised the first draft. EW and HS worked together to revise and fine-tune the final version of the manuscript. Both authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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Figueroa, S. Computers 8, Gervais, A. Huang, G. Blockchain in Healthcare. TI 12, � Jayaraman, R. Google Scholar. Kassab, M. Khatoon, A. Kumar, R. Li, H. Lv, Z. ACM Trans. Internet Technol. Maleshkova, M. Musamih, A. IEEE Access 9, � Narikimilli, N. Editors Z. Chen, L. Cui, B. Palanisamy, and L. Zhang Cham: Springer International Publishing , � Omar, I.

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You can miss potential candidates and there is a lot of manual work involved. Hospitals and health systems across the US require patient data to be manually entered across multiple EHR systems, including a patient ID system that gives a patient a unique ID number.

The blockchain can help this process by automatically replicating patient data to each EHR. This would permanently remove the chances of duplicate records created.

Because the blockchain system is automated, once a physician enters details of a clinical trial and needs to find potential patients, it can easily use these identifiers and match the right people faster with improved accuracy and reliability. After all, since blockchain records cannot be entered without validation, doctors can be sure that they are getting the right people for the trial.

However, the blockchain offers light at the end of the tunnel. Do we really need to explain how much of a pain this is? You need to get all sorts permissions, opt-ins and informed consent from patients. Nevertheless, blockchain technology proposes a noteworthy solution to the mess that is consent management. One company that is leading the charge is HealthVerity. They have built a technology platform that acts as the foundation for creating, exchanging and managing consumer data.

Known as HealthVerity Consent, their consent management platform leverages blockchain technology to aggregate and manage all individual consumer and patient data and preferences into a single, central location. Only those with active permissions are able to access this sensitive data in real time. Jon Cappiello, CTO of healthVerity, is aiming to tackle the data fragmentation and inconsistency issue:.

This use of blockchain technology in healthcare is hot off the press. Kalibrate Blockchain will be awarding an exclusive license to a single hospital in each market allowing that hospital to embed the FormDrop SDK in its own mobile app. This app allows patients to fill out and submit healthcare forms automatically to healthcare providers from their smartphones. No clipboards, paper forms, or electronic tablets.

What a relief! Patients can also use the FormDrop app to index their patient ID and personal health information on the Universal Patient Index to provide healthcare providers access to that information. There are a lot of contracts in the healthcare industry; between patients and hospitals, healthcare providers, organizations and vendors, the list goes on.

Now, with smart contracts being developed, the blockchain stands to upend the entire industry, with cutting costs being an added benefit.

For reference, a smart contract is a computer protocol intended to digitally facilitate, verify, or enforce the negotiation or performance of a contract, without the need for third-parties. They can be used to secure data transfers, retrievals and analyses.

Smart contracts will allow hospitals and other practices to store patient records in a digital ledger. Patients will have the freedom to change hospitals without the need to fill in numerous forms as their new physicians can view all their information on the blockchain network. This data also needs to be made secure. Since smart contracts are built on blockchain technology, the data can be aggregated, shared and stored in a transparent manner. Finally, blockchain for healthcare significantly reduces the inefficiency and waste in the current healthcare landscape.

Health payers end up paying claims, and then retrospectively work on identifying inaccurate payments and reconciling over and underpayments. Where blockchain can help is that its shared ledger capabilities provide complete transparency to all parties, allowing payers and providers to negotiate claims tied to the value of care.

Healthcare payments sent and received are immediately debited from the users and divided between all the people involved in the smart contract. There are so many smartphone apps and devices being developed that collect our critical health data. For example, Omron's HeartGuide monitors blood pressure while you sleep and includes a heart rate monitor.

However, the blockchain can become a safe and secure way to transfer data between health service providers. When information is recorded into the blockchain, it becomes impossible to edit or remove.

This is because it anchors data to the public blockchain via proof of data integrity. This allows any user to verify the data timestamp themselves, including proving the integrity of clinical research results, reducing the costs of audits and ensuring regulatory compliance. HIPAA enforces safe methods of communication between those who deal with PHI stored in electronic form, which is why data encryption plays a crucial role in ensuring data privacy and safety.

No one has a more vested interest in people staying healthy than insurance companies. They are aiming to create an inclusive blockchain network to benefit multiple members of the healthcare ecosystem through a secure, shared environment.

Here are some other ways that blockchain can help health insurance providers. Micropayments are small financial transactions made online.

The biggest problems with current systems are that while the fees may be small, they add up over time, it can sometimes take a few days to complete the transaction and there is a lack of transparency in the systems in general. In terms of lower transaction fees, there are no third-party payment services with blockchain technology.

Instead, you pay and get paid in tokens that build your wallet. If there are any fees to carry out a crypto transaction, they are significantly less than compared to those in current systems. For payment times, the blockchain processes crypto transactions all day, every day, and instantly, so you receive your tokens far quicker.

The transparency aspect goes back to the smart contracts point discussed earlier. Payment distributions are automated and divided between everyone in the contract. There are some providers trying to incentivize patients to be healthy through rewards programs, with blockchain technology at the heart of it.

You can save on health and wellness programs. There is no need for a referral or claim forms to find an eligible provider and schedule an appointment. Fitbit is also doing its own rewards program.

It lets their customers take advantage of other deals, including healthy eating options and other fitness gear. With healthcare costs rising, hospital revenue cycle management professionals can be left with hundreds of thousands, if not millions of dollars in unpaid medical expenses.

Revenue cycle technology is vital to organizations looking to improve their patient payment processes. Joseph Health plans to use blockchain technology with its Lumedic end-to-end revenue cycle management platform for distributed ledger technology, smart contracts, and machine learning. Their goal is to reduce inefficiencies in the healthcare system. Rhonda Medows, president of population health of Providence St. It is designed to deliver proof of health data and integrity, protect GDPR patient data rights and automate the verification of medication adherence.

Delivering medical adherence electronically and at scale has been extremely difficult for a number of reasons, including capturing patient consent and developing a secure mechanism to deliver personal care information to patients quickly and in line with necessary compliance rules. For example, improved drug adherence processes can help avoid opioid overdoses. Intel Corp is partnering with health companies to use blockchain technology to identify where the drugs leak out of the supply chain.

This is the way that blockchain can help consumers of medical services. The areas, in particular, are medical history sharing and selling medical data on a blockchain marketplace. This process is an absolute mess. Firstly, medical history data is often stored in many different silos and patients need to physically carry their information when doctors refer patients to other physicians. A study by Li, P. Patients can query their own prescriptions from different histories across healthcare institutions and then decrypt the prescriptions via their private keys.

Analytic results show that DMMS can improve security, trustworthiness, and privacy in medication history sharing and exchanging across healthcare institutions. In addition, we discuss the potential for DMMS in e-prescribing markets. Medicalchain enables users to give healthcare professionals access to their personal health data and record the interactions with it in an auditable, transparent and secure way through their distributed ledger.

Most patients never know or understand that their medical information is shared. Hu-manity has developed a smart contract that allows patients to negotiate specific terms of consent with companies interested in using their medical data. When it comes to selling the data to interested third-parties, they are in control. Also, companies go through intermediaries typically healthcare marketing companies to get access to the right patients with the right health issues.

Data is one of the best tools we have for fighting the Covid outbreak, but right now health data � like consumer data � is held in silos in many different institutions and companies.

And while third parties can track, trade, and negotiate that data, the people who create it and who have the biggest stake in it, are often cut out of the deal. Blockchain can be used to solve these issues, by putting individuals in control of their data, which would be encrypted and and stored in a distributed network that no entity owned.

It would also allow secure sharing of data for critical public health purposes, such as contract tracing, without compromising privacy. Healthcare data is a perfect place to start. Big data is perhaps the most powerful asset we have in solving big problems these days. We need it to track and trace infection, manage healthcare talent and medical supply chains, and plan for our economic futures.

But how can we balance data and privacy? The answer is you do. We need to understand its real value to us in all aspects of our lives.

Blockchain technology can help us do that, enabling us to use our data proactively and improve our well-being. And while there are many areas where taking control of our data might improve our lives, there is one particularly promising place to start: healthcare data. Shapiro once said.

With wearables and the Internet of Things, we can increasingly capture our insulin levels, blood pressure, and the number of steps we take and stairs we climb in a day. By owning our medical and other personal data, we could solve the five problems stated above: access, security, privacy, monetization, and advocacy.

The key is to take advantage of existing technologies to manage our data according to our own terms of use. In , UHN launched a patient control-and-consent platform to enhance the patient experience and to facilitate clinical research using patient data. Designed after workshops with different stakeholder groups and developed in partnership with IBM, the platform leverages blockchain not simply to secure and consolidate patient data across the network, but also to obtain and record patient consent before any information is shared with researchers.

When patients consent, the software automatically encrypts and records details of the consent transaction on the shared ledger. The platform also records which parties accessed the data, at what time, and for what purpose.

This kind of functionality can be expanded to uses such as contact tracing. Imagine a scenario where the UHN solution is interconnected to healthcare facilities across Canada, so that every Canadian patient had an opportunity to share personal data, including location over time.

And Vital Chain is turning clinically certified results into blockchain-based health and safety credentials for employees to prove their fitness for returning to work. If we applied these capabilities at a global scale, we could capture a single, comprehensive account of global incidence rates and outcomes that was verified and secure.

With the support of IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, the Linux Foundation, and others, it launched MiPasa , an initiative to integrate, aggregate, and share information at a global scale from multiple verified sources � from the Center for Disease Control or the World Health Organization, but also hard-to-get data from local public health agencies, licensed private facilities, and even individuals � all without personal identifiers.

Hacera has developed a tutorial for coders to build applications on top of the platform. Finding a Covid vaccine is a top priority. Shivom scientists formed a global Multi-Omics Data Hub Consortium comprised of universities, medical centers, and companies, many of which have expertise in AI and blockchain, all for combatting coronavirus infections.

Founded by Dr.